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# GitLab CI template for Helm
This project implements a generic GitLab CI template for [Helm](https://helm.sh/).
## Usage
In order to include this template in your project, add the following to your `gitlab-ci.yml`:
```yaml
include:
- project: 'to-be-continuous/helm'
file: '/templates/gitlab-ci-helm.yml'
```
## Understand
This chapter introduces key notions and principle to understand how this template works.
### Managed deployment environments
This template implements continuous delivery/continuous deployment based on [Helm](https://helm.sh/) for projects hosted
on [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io) platforms.
It provides several features, usable in different modes (by configuration).
The template supports **review** environments: those are dynamic and ephemeral environments to deploy your
_ongoing developments_ (a.k.a. _feature_ or _topic_ branches).
When enabled, it deploys the result from upstream build stages to a dedicated and temporary environment.
It is only active for non-production, non-integration branches.
It is a strict equivalent of GitLab's [Review Apps](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/review_apps/) feature.
It also comes with a _cleanup_ job (accessible either from the _environments_ page, or from the pipeline view).
If you're using a Git Workflow with an integration branch (such as [Gitflow](https://www.atlassian.com/git/tutorials/comparing-workflows/gitflow-workflow)),
the template supports an **integration** environment.
When enabled, it deploys the result from upstream build stages to a dedicated environment.
It is only active for your integration branch (`develop` by default).
Lastly, the template supports 2 environments associated to your production branch (`master` by default):
* a **staging** environment (an iso-prod environment meant for testing and validation purpose),
* the **production** environment.
You're free to enable whichever or both, and you can also choose your deployment-to-production policy:
* **continuous deployment**: automatic deployment to production (when the upstream pipeline is successful),
* **continuous delivery**: deployment to production can be triggered manually (when the upstream pipeline is successful).
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### Supported authentication methods
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In order to manage the various deployment environments, this template provides a couple of **dynamic variables**
that you might use in your hook scripts and Helm charts (as [values](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_best_practices/values/)):
| environment variable | template directive | description |
|----------------------|--------------------|-------------|
| `$environment_name` | `{{ .Release.Name }}` | a generated application name to use for the current deployment environment (ex: `myproject-review-fix-bug-12` or `myproject-staging`). This is used as the **Helm release name** in deploy & delete jobs - _details below_ |
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| `$environment_type` | `{{ .Values.environmentType }}` | the current deployment environment type (`review`, `integration`, `staging` or `production`) |
| `$hostname` | `{{ .Values.hostname }}` | the environment hostame, extracted from the environment URL (if you [specified the environment url statically](#environments-url-management)) |
The `${environment_name}` variable is generated to designate each deployment environment with a unique and meaningful application name.
By construction, it is suitable for inclusion in DNS, URLs, Kubernetes labels...
It is built from:
* the application _base name_ (defaults to `$CI_PROJECT_NAME` but can be overridden globally and/or per deployment environment - _see configuration variables_)
* GitLab predefined `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` variable ([sluggified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_URL#Slug) name, truncated to 24 characters)
The `${environment_name}` variable is then evaluated as:
* `<app base name>` for the production environment
* `<app base name>-$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` for all other deployment environments
* :bulb: `${environment_name}` can also be overriden per environment with the appropriate configuration variable
Examples (with an application's base name `myapp`):
| `$environment_type` | Branch | `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` | `$environment_name` |
|---------------------|---------------|-------------------------|---------------------|
| `review` | `feat/blabla` | `review-feat-bla-xmuzs6`| `myapp-review-feat-bla-xmuzs6` |
| `integration` | `develop` | `integration` | `myapp-integration` |
| `staging` | `main` | `staging` | `myapp-staging` |
| `production` | `main` | `production` | `myapp` |
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### Deployment and cleanup scripts
The Helm template requires you to provide a Helm chart (either in the project or located in an external repository) to deploy and delete the application.
The environment deployment is processed as follows:
1. _optionally_ executes the `helm-pre-deploy.sh` script in your project to perform specific environment pre-initialization (for e.g. create required services),
2. [`helm upgrade`](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_upgrade/) the chart with the configured parameters, using [`$environment_name`](#using-variables) as release name,
3. _optionally_ executes the `helm-post-deploy.sh` script in your project to perform specific environment post-initialization stuff,
The environment deletion is processed as follows:
1. _optionally_ executes the `helm-pre-delete.sh` script in your project to perform specific environment pre-cleanup stuff,
2. [`helm uninstall`](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_uninstall/), using [`$environment_name`](#using-variables) as release name,
3. _optionally_ executes the `helm-post-delete.sh` script in your project to perform specific environment post-cleanup (for e.g. delete bound services).
:warning: each of the above hook scripts needs to be executable, you can add flag execution with: `git update-index --chmod=+x helm-pre-cleanup.sh`
### Environments URL management
The Helm template supports two ways of providing your environments url:
* a **static way**: when the environments url can be determined in advance, probably because you're exposing your routes through a DNS you manage,
* a [**dynamic way**](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/environments/#set-dynamic-environment-urls-after-a-job-finishes): when the url cannot be known before the
deployment job is executed.
The **static way** can be implemented simply by setting the appropriate configuration variable(s) depending on the environment (see environments configuration chapters):
* `$HELM_ENVIRONMENT_URL` to define a default url pattern for all your envs,
* `$HELM_REVIEW_ENVIRONMENT_URL`, `$HELM_INTEG_ENVIRONMENT_URL`, `$HELM_STAGING_ENVIRONMENT_URL` and `$HELM_PROD_ENVIRONMENT_URL` to override the default.
> :information_source: Each of those variables support a **late variable expansion mechanism** with the `%{somevar}` syntax,
> allowing you to use any dynamically evaluated variables such as `${environment_name}`.
>
> Example:
>
> ```yaml
> variables:
> HELM_BASE_APP_NAME: "wonderapp"
> # global url for all environments
> HELM_ENVIRONMENT_URL: "https://%{environment_name}.nonprod.acme.domain"
> # override for prod (late expansion of $HELM_BASE_APP_NAME not needed here)
> HELM_PROD_ENVIRONMENT_URL: "https://$HELM_BASE_APP_NAME.acme.domain"
> # override for review (using separate resource paths)
> HELM_REVIEW_ENVIRONMENT_URL: "https://wonderapp-review.nonprod.acme.domain/%{environment_name}"
> ```
To implement the **dynamic way**, your deployment script shall simply generate a `environment_url.txt` file in the working directory, containing only
the dynamically generated url. When detected by the template, it will use it as the newly deployed environment url.
### Deployment output variables
Each deployment job produces _output variables_ that are propagated to downstream jobs (using [dotenv artifacts](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/pipelines/job_artifacts.html#artifactsreportsdotenv)):
* `$environment_type`: set to the type of environment (`review`, `integration`, `staging` or `production`),
* `$environment_name`: the application name (see below),
* `$environment_url`: set to the environment URL (whether determined statically or dynamically).
Those variables may be freely used in downstream jobs (for instance to run acceptance tests against the latest deployed environment).
## Configuration reference
### Secrets management
Here are some advices about your **secrets** (variables marked with a :lock:):
1. Manage them as [project or group CI/CD variables](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/variables/#add-a-cicd-variable-to-a-project):
* [**masked**](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/variables/#mask-a-cicd-variable) to prevent them from being inadvertently
* [**protected**](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/variables/#protected-cicd-variables) if you want to secure some secrets
you don't want everyone in the project to have access to (for instance production secrets).
2. In case a secret contains [characters that prevent it from being masked](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/variables/#mask-a-cicd-variable),
simply define its value as the [Base64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64) encoded value prefixed with `@b64@`:
it will then be possible to mask it and the template will automatically decode it prior to using it.
3. Don't forget to escape special characters (ex: `$` -> `$$`).
The Helm template uses some global configuration used throughout all jobs.
| Name | description | default value |
| --------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_CLI_IMAGE` | The Docker image used to run Helm <br/>:warning: **set the version required by your Kubernetes server** | `alpine/helm:latest` |
| `HELM_CHART_DIR` | The folder where the Helm chart is located | `.` _(root project dir)_ |
| `HELM_SCRIPTS_DIR` | The folder where hook scripts are located | `.` _(root project dir)_ |
| `HELM_COMMON_VALUES` | Common values file (used for all environments, overridden by specific per-env values files) | undefined (none) |
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| `HELM_ENV_VALUE_NAME` | The name of the Helm [value](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_best_practices/values/) containing the _environment type_ | `environmentType` |
| `HELM_HOSTNAME_VALUE_NAME` | The name of the Helm [value](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_best_practices/values/) containing the _environment hostname_ (extracted from the environment URL) | `hostname` |
| `KUBE_NAMESPACE` | The default Kubernetes namespace to use | _none_ but this variable is automatically set by [GitLab Kubernetes integration](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/clusters/index.html) when enabled |
| :lock: `HELM_DEFAULT_KUBE_CONFIG` | The default kubeconfig content to use | `$KUBECONFIG` (thus supports the [GitLab Kubernetes integration](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/user/project/clusters/index.html) when enabled) |
| `HELM_DEPLOY_ARGS` | The Helm [command with options](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_upgrade/) to deploy the application (_without dynamic arguments such as release name and chart_) | `upgrade --install --atomic --timeout 120s` |
| `HELM_DELETE_ARGS` | The Helm [command with options](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_uninstall/) to cleanup the application (_without dynamic arguments such as release name_) | `uninstall` |
| `HELM_DEPLOY_CHART` | The Helm [chart](https://helm.sh/docs/topics/charts/) to deploy. _Only required if you want to deploy an **external** chart._ | _none_ |
| `HELM_REPOS` | The Helm [chart repositories](https://helm.sh/docs/topics/chart_repository/) to use (formatted as `repo_name_1@:repo_url_1 repo_name_2@:repo_url_2 ...`) | `stable@https://charts.helm.sh/stable bitnami@https://charts.bitnami.com/bitnami` |
| `HELM_BASE_APP_NAME` | Base application name | `$CI_PROJECT_NAME` ([see GitLab doc](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/variables/predefined_variables.html)) |
| `HELM_ENVIRONMENT_URL` | Default environments url _(only define for static environment URLs declaration)_<br/>_supports late variable expansion (ex: `https://%{environment_name}.helm.acme.com`)_ | _none_ |
Review environments are dynamic and ephemeral environments to deploy your _ongoing developments_ (a.k.a. _feature_ or _topic_ branches).
They are **enabled by default** and can be disabled by setting the `HELM_REVIEW_DISABLED` variable (see below).
Here are variables supported to configure review environments:
| Name | description | default value |
| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_REVIEW_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable `review` env | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_REVIEW_APP_NAME` | Application name for `review` env | `"${HELM_BASE_APP_NAME}-${CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG}"` (ex: `myproject-review-fix-bug-12`) |
| `HELM_REVIEW_ENVIRONMENT_URL`| The review environments url _(only define for static environment URLs declaration and if different from default)_ | `$HELM_ENVIRONMENT_URL` |
| `HELM_REVIEW_NAMESPACE` | The Kubernetes namespace to use for `review` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$KUBE_NAMESPACE` |
| :lock: `HELM_REVIEW_KUBE_CONFIG` | kubeconfig content used for `review` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$HELM_DEFAULT_KUBE_CONFIG` |
| `HELM_REVIEW_VALUES` | The [Values file](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_template_guide/values_files/) to use with `review` environments | _none_ |
The integration environment is the environment associated to your integration branch (`develop` by default).
It is **enabled by default** and can be disabled by setting the `HELM_INTEG_DISABLED` variable (see below).
Here are variables supported to configure the integration environment:
| Name | description | default value |
| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_INTEG_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable `integration` env | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_INTEG_APP_NAME` | Application name for `integration` env | `$HELM_BASE_APP_NAME-integration` |
| `HELM_INTEG_ENVIRONMENT_URL`| The integration environment url _(only define for static environment URLs declaration and if different from default)_ | `$HELM_ENVIRONMENT_URL` |
| `HELM_INTEG_NAMESPACE` | The Kubernetes namespace to use for `integration` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$KUBE_NAMESPACE` |
| :lock: `HELM_INTEG_KUBE_CONFIG` | kubeconfig content used for `integration` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$HELM_DEFAULT_KUBE_CONFIG` |
| `HELM_INTEG_VALUES` | The [Values file](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_template_guide/values_files/) to use with the `integration` environment | _none_ |
The staging environment is an iso-prod environment meant for testing and validation purpose associated to your production branch (`master` by default).
It is **enabled by default** and can be disabled by setting the `HELM_STAGING_DISABLED` variable (see below).
Here are variables supported to configure the staging environment:
| Name | description | default value |
| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_STAGING_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable `staging` env | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_STAGING_APP_NAME` | Application name for `staging` env | `$HELM_BASE_APP_NAME-staging` |
| `HELM_STAGING_ENVIRONMENT_URL`| The staging environment url _(only define for static environment URLs declaration and if different from default)_ | `$HELM_ENVIRONMENT_URL` |
| `HELM_STAGING_NAMESPACE` | The Kubernetes namespace to use for `staging` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$KUBE_NAMESPACE` |
| :lock: `HELM_STAGING_KUBE_CONFIG` | kubeconfig content used for `staging` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$HELM_DEFAULT_KUBE_CONFIG` |
| `HELM_STAGING_VALUES` | The [Values file](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_template_guide/values_files/) to use with the staging environment | _none_ |
The production environment is the final deployment environment associated with your production branch (`master` by default).
It is **enabled by default** and can be disabled by setting the `HELM_PROD_DISABLED` variable (see below).
Here are variables supported to configure the production environment:
| Name | description | default value |
| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_PROD_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable `production` env | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_PROD_APP_NAME` | Application name for `production` env | `$HELM_BASE_APP_NAME` |
| `HELM_PROD_ENVIRONMENT_URL`| The production environment url _(only define for static environment URLs declaration and if different from default)_ | `$HELM_ENVIRONMENT_URL` |
| `HELM_PROD_NAMESPACE` | The Kubernetes namespace to use for `production` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$KUBE_NAMESPACE` |
| :lock: `HELM_PROD_KUBE_CONFIG` | kubeconfig content used for `production` env _(only define to override default)_ | `$HELM_DEFAULT_KUBE_CONFIG` |
| `AUTODEPLOY_TO_PROD` | Set this variable to auto-deploy to production. If not set deployment to production will be `manual` (default behaviour). | _none_ (disabled) |
| `HELM_PROD_VALUES` | The [Values file](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_template_guide/values_files/) to use with the production environment | _none_ |
### `helm-lint` job
This job [examines your chart for possible issues](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_lint/) and uses the following variables:
| Name | description | default value |
| --------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_LINT_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable Helm lint | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_LINT_ARGS` | The Helm [command with options](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_lint/) to trigger the analysis (_without dynamic arguments such as the chart path_) | `lint --strict` |
| `HELM_DEPENDENCY_ARGS` | The Helm [command with options](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_dependency_update/) to update on-disk the chart dependencies (_without dynamic arguments such as the chart path_) | `dependency update` |
### `helm-values-*-lint` job
These jobs perform a [Yaml Lint](https://github.com/adrienverge/yamllint) of your Helm [values file](https://helm.sh/docs/chart_template_guide/values_files/) and uses the following variables:
| Name | description | default value |
| ------------------------ | ------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_YAMLLINT_IMAGE` | The Docker image used to run YamlLint test | `cytopia/yamllint` |
| `HELM_YAMLLINT_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable Yaml lint | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_YAMLLINT_CONFIG` | Config used with the yamllint tool | `{extends: relaxed, rules: {line-length: {max: 160}}}` |
| `HELM_YAMLLINT_ARGS` | Arguments used by the lint job | `-f colored --strict` |
### `helm-*-score` job
This job runs [Kube-Score](https://kube-score.com/) on the resources to be created by Helm and uses the following variables:
| Name | description | default value |
| --------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_KUBE_SCORE_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable [Kube-Score](https://kube-score.com/) | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_KUBE_SCORE_IMAGE` | The Docker image used to run [Kube-Score](https://kube-score.com/) | `zegl/kube-score:latest-helm3` |
| `HELM_KUBE_SCORE_ARGS` | Arguments used by the helm-score job | _none_ |
### Charts publishing
The template builds a chart package that may be pushed as two distinct packages, depending on a certain _workflow_:
1. **snapshot**: the chart is first packaged and then pushed to some registry as
the **snapshot** image. It can be seen as the raw result of the build, but still **untested and unreliable**.
2. **release**: once the snapshot chart has been thoroughly tested (both by `package-test` stage jobs and/or `acceptance`
stage jobs after being deployed to some server), then the chart is pushed one more time as the **release** chart.
This second push can be seen as the **promotion** of the snapshot chart being now **tested and reliable**.
Common variables for `helm-package` and `helm-pusblish`:
| Name | description | default value |
| --------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- | ----------------------- |
| `HELM_REPO_PUBLISH_METHOD` | HTTP method to use to push the package | `POST` |
| :lock: `HELM_REPO_USER` | Helm registry username | `$CI_REGISTRY_USER` |
| :lock: `HELM_REPO_PASSWORD` | Helm registry password | `$CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD` |
#### `helm-package` job
This job [packages your chart into an archive](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_package/), optionaly push it to a snapshot repository and uses the following variables:
| Name | description | default value |
| ------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_PACKAGE_ARGS` | The Helm [command with options](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_package/) to perform the packaging (_without dynamic arguments such as the chart path_) | `package --dependency-update` |
| `HELM_SEMREL_RELEASE_DISABLED` | Set to `true` to disable usage of `semantic-release` release info for helm package (see next chapter) | _none_ (enabled) |
| `HELM_PUBLISH_SNAPSHOT_URL` | The URL of the Helm repository to publish your Helm package as a snapshot | _gitlab repository on snapshot channel_ `${CI_API_V4_URL}/projects/${CI_PROJECT_ID}/packages/helm/api/snapshot/charts` |
| `HELM_REPO_SNAPSHOT_PUBLISH_METHOD` | HTTP method to use to push the package | `$HELM_REPO_PUBLISH_METHOD` |
| `HELM_REPO_SNAPSHOT_USER` | Snapshot repository username | `$HELM_REPO_USER` |
| :lock: `HELM_REPO_SNAPSHOT_PASSWORD` | Snapshot repository password | `$HELM_REPO_PASSWORD` |
#### `semantic-release` integration
If you activate the [`semantic-release-info` job from the `semantic-release` template](https://gitlab.com/to-be-continuous/semantic-release/#semantic-release-info-job), the `helm-publish` job will automatically use the generated next version info for both application version (`--app-version`) and chart version (`--version`).
If no next version info is generated by `semantic-release`, the package will be created, but without versioning info.
Note: You can disable the `semantic-release` integration described herebefore the `HELM_SEMREL_RELEASE_DISABLED` variable.
This job push helm package to a release repository and uses the following variables:
| Name | description | default value |
| ----------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| `HELM_PUBLISH_URL` | The URL of the Helm repository to publish your Helm package | _gitlab repository on release channel_ `${CI_API_V4_URL}/projects/${CI_PROJECT_ID}/packages/helm/api/release/charts` |
| `HELM_REPO_RELEASE_PUBLISH_METHOD` | HTTP method to use to push the package | `$HELM_REPO_PUBLISH_METHOD` |
| `HELM_REPO_RELEASE_USER` | Release repository username (for PUT request auth) | `$HELM_REPO_USER` |
| :lock: `HELM_REPO_RELEASE_PASSWORD` | Release repository password (for PUT request auth) | `$HELM_REPO_PASSWORD` |
### `helm-test` job
This job runs [Helm tests](https://helm.sh/docs/topics/chart_tests/). The job definition must contain the helm test hook annotation: `helm.sh/hook: test`
You are welcome to nest your test suite under a `tests/` directory like `$HELM_CHART_DIR/templates/tests/` for more isolation.
It is **disabled by default** and can be enabled by setting the ``HELM_TEST_ENABLED`` variable (see below).
It uses the following variables:
| Name | description | default value |
| --------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `HELM_TEST_ENABLED` | Set to `true` to enable Helm test | _none_ (disabled) |
| `HELM_TEST_ARGS` | The Helm [command with options](https://helm.sh/docs/helm/helm_test/) to perform acceptance test (_without dynamic arguments such as the chart path_) | `test` |
## Variants
### Vault variant
This variant allows delegating your secrets management to a [Vault](https://www.vaultproject.io/) server.
#### Configuration
In order to be able to communicate with the Vault server, the variant requires the additional configuration parameters:
| Name | description | default value |
| ----------------- | -------------------------------------- | ----------------- |
| `TBC_VAULT_IMAGE` | The [Vault Secrets Provider](https://gitlab.com/to-be-continuous/tools/vault-secrets-provider) image to use (can be overridden) | `$CI_REGISTRY/to-be-continuous/tools/vault-secrets-provider:master` |
| `VAULT_BASE_URL` | The Vault server base API url | _none_ |
| :lock: `VAULT_ROLE_ID` | The [AppRole](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/auth/approle) RoleID | **must be defined** |
| :lock: `VAULT_SECRET_ID` | The [AppRole](https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/auth/approle) SecretID | **must be defined** |
#### Usage
Then you may retrieve any of your secret(s) from Vault using the following syntax:
```text
@url@http://vault-secrets-provider/api/secrets/{secret_path}?field={field}
```
With:
| Name | description |
| -------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| `secret_path` (_path parameter_) | this is your secret location in the Vault server |
| `field` (_query parameter_) | parameter to access a single basic field from the secret JSON payload |
#### Example
```yaml
include:
# main template
file: '/templates/gitlab-ci-helm.yml'
# Vault variant
file: '/templates/gitlab-ci-helm-vault.yml'
variables:
# Secrets managed by Vault
HELM_DEFAULT_KUBE_CONFIG: "@url@http://vault-secrets-provider/api/secrets/b7ecb6ebabc231/my-app/helm/noprod?field=kube_config"
HELM_PROD_KUBE_CONFIG: "@url@http://vault-secrets-provider/api/secrets/b7ecb6ebabc231/my-app/helm/prod?field=kube_config"
VAULT_BASE_URL: "https://vault.acme.host/v1"
# $VAULT_ROLE_ID and $VAULT_SECRET_ID defined as a secret CI/CD variable
```